The Why Men
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Why Men Leave Home is a 1924 American silent comedy-drama film directed by John M. Stahl directed and stars Lewis Stone and Helene Chadwick. Produced by Louis B. Mayer and released through First National Pictures (then known as Associated First National), the film is based on the 1922 play of the same name by Avery Hopwood.[1][2]
As described in a film magazine review,[3] after a year of wedded life, John Emerson begins to neglect his wife Irene. A love affair develops between him and Jean Ralston, his office secretary. When John comes home after escorting Jean to and from a theater party, the scent of the perfume used by his charmer clings to John and awakens the wife's suspicions. Irene procures a divorce, and John marries the other woman. Later, Grandma Sutton succeeds in luring John and Irene under her roof, and with Dr. Bailey's aid has the place quarantined so that the pair cannot leave. The result is that the old love blooms once more. John's second wife gets a divorce, and he remarries Irene.
The argument prompted strong theoretical critiques. Prominent scholars such as Charles Tilly, Theda Skocpol, and Sidney Tarrow argued that we should begin explanations by examining social and political structures (Skocpol), political mobilization (Tilly), and mass social movements (Tarrow).[5] Mark Irving Lichbach showed that the anger-grievance-rebellion sequence could be explained within a rational choice framework.[6] In light of forty years of research and reflection, I think the core of the Why Men Rebel model remains valid but is incomplete.
Fifth, we need to examine how the communication of ideas and personal mobility has transformed political action in the last half-century. When Why Men Rebel was written, most protest and revolutionary movements were specific to one country, or just one city or region within a country. Now the web, social networking and air travel make for much more rapid international movement of ideas and activists. Political action no longer stops at national borders. To understand why and how this occurs, it remains useful to begin with some of the Why Men Rebel arguments, which includes an analysis (in chapter 4) of the role of the communication media in spreading political ideas. We understand the mechanisms. What we do not understand as well is how skillful communicators can create a sense of identity and common purpose that transcend national boundaries and then use them to mobilize people in many different places for coordinated political action.
Democratic governance is widely understood as part of the answer: elected leaders are more responsive to popular demands in norm and practice. A less recognized factor is that governments, like political movements, are increasingly exposed to international influences. One of the positive consequences of globalization is that most governments now depend on international trade, investment, and external political support. Therefore they face political pressures to respect human rights, to rely on reform rather than repression to contain discontent, to reduce corruption, and to open up their political systems to popular participation and power-sharing. Failure to do so is risky because it often leads to international criticism, diplomatic pressures, reduced trade and investment, and, in response to the worst abuses, international intervention.
Why Men Rebel continues to be recognized as a classic because it helped lead the way to a systematic, people-based understanding of the causes of political protest and rebellion. The book itself and forty years of critical analysis also point to additional questions. I encourage readers in the contemporary world to keep the following guidelines in mind when seeking to understand and respond to popular discontents:
Ted Robert Gurr is a Distinguished University Professor, Emeritus, at the University of Maryland. He was the founding director and is now a consultant for the Minorities at Risk project based at the Center of International Development and Conflict Management at the University of Maryland. In 1993-1994 Dr. Gurr served as the President of the International Studies Association. He has authored or edited some twenty books including Why Men Rebel, the fortieth edition of which was recently released by Paradigm Publishers; Peoples versus States; and Ethnic Conflict in World Politics.
[5] Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978); Theda Skocpol, Social Revolutions in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
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I knew that, on average, women live longer than men. In fact, 57% of all those ages 65 and older are female. By age 85, 67% are women. The average lifespan is about 5 years longer for women than men in the U.S., and about 7 years longer worldwide.
Advertisers know this as well. I recently saw an ad for an organization called \"A Place for Mom\" that helps families find assisted living or other services for senior citizens. And while they help men as well as women, the name of the company reflects how much bigger the elderly female market is.
The uneven playing field for boys starts early. The Y chromosome tends to develop mutations more often than X chromosomes and the lack of a second X chromosome in men means that X-linked abnormalities among boys are not \"masked\" by a second, normal version. Survival in the womb is also less reliable for male fetuses (for uncertain, and probably multiple, reasons). Developmental disorders are also more common among boys; some of these could shorten life expectancy.
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We believe that a reason women are underrepresented in the top levels of the organization is that they are over-mentored and under-sponsored. The distinction between mentorship and sponsorship and the correlation to corporate advancement has been examined before in several HBR articles over the years, supported by recent evidence from the women participants of the Kellogg School of Management 2015 Executive Management Program, who indicated that 86% of the time, having a sponsor is more closely correlated to their promotion than having a mentor.
Recent empirical academic research has presented enough data to discredit these notions, yet they persist. The only myth which is not necessarily a myth is that there is, in fact, a hegemony of men in executive ranks (76% of Fortune 500 executive positions are held by men).
Like all \"why\" queries, the question of why men have nipples can be addressed on many levels. My four-year-old daughter, always suspicious of a trick when asked such obvious questions, answered: \"because they grow them.\" In search of the trick answer, she quickly added that \"chests would also look pretty funny with just hair.\"
A human baby inherits one copy of every gene from his or her father and one copy of every gene from his or her mother. Inherited traits of a boy should thus be a combination of traits from both his parents. Thus, from a genetic perspective, the question should be turned around: How can males and females ever diverge if genes from both parents are inherited We know that consistent differences between males and females (so-called sexual dimorphisms) are common--examples include bird plumage coloration and size dimorphism in insects. The only way such differences can evolve is if the same trait (color, for example) in males and females has become \"uncoupled\" at the genetic level. This happens if a trait is influenced by different genes in males and females, if it is under control of genes located on sex chromosomes, or if gene expression has evolved to be dependent on context (whether genes find themselves within a male or a female genome). The idea of the shared genetic basis of two traits (in this case in males and females) is known as a genetic correlation, and it is a quantity routinely measured by evolutionary geneticists. The evolutionary default is for males and females to share characters through genetic correlations.
The uncoupling of male and female traits occurs if there is selection for it: if the trait is important to the reproductive success of both males and females but the best or \"optimal\" trait is different for a male and a female. We would not expect such an uncoupling if the attribute is important in both sexes and the \"optimal\" value is similar in both sexes, nor would we expect uncoupling to evolve if the attribute is important to one sex but unimportant in the other. The latter is the case for nipples. Their advantage in females, in terms of reproductive success, is clear. But because the genetic \"default\" is for males and females to share characters, the presence of nipples in males is probably best explained as a genetic correlation that persists through lack of selection against them, rather than selection for them. Interestingly, though, it could be argued that the occurrence of problems associated with the male nipple, such as carcinoma, constitutes contemporary selection against them. In a sense, male nipples are analogous to vestigial structures such as the remnants of useless pelvic bones in whales: if they did much harm, they would have disappeared. 153554b96e
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